In a MarketWatch column last March, I discussed the serious threat that cash-out refinances (cash-out refis) pose for major U.S. housing markets. Eight months later, the problem continues.
To reiterate, in a cash-out refinance mortgage the borrower pulls out some of the equity in the house by taking out a new mortgage larger than the previous one. The homeowner pockets the difference and can use the money in any manner.
During the 2004-07 housing bubble era, homeowners in major metros used their growing equity as a piggy bank to tap at will. According to Freddie Mac's quarterly refinance report, borrowers pulled out just under $1 trillion from their homes between 2004 and 2007. This total includes only prime first-lien conventional mortgages, and excludes subprime, other non-prime, and second mortgages.
The peak of the cash-out refi madness came in 2005 and 2006, as the desire to turn equity into real cash spread to millions of U.S. homeowners. According to Attom Data, 8.3 million mortgages were refinanced during 2005 and 7.9 million in 2006. The dollar amount refinanced was staggering — $1.8 trillion in both 2005 and 2006.
In 2005, close to $1.2 trillion was refinanced by homeowners into prime cash-out refis. Roughly $260 billion of that was taken out in cash. The next year, slightly more than $1 trillion of mortgages were converted into prime cash-out refis, of which roughly $320 billion was taken out in cash.
Notwithstanding the collapse of the subprime market in the spring of 2007, another $920 billion of cash-out refis was originated in 2007. In total, $3.1 trillion of cash-out refis was handed to homeowners between 2005 and 2007.
The overwhelming majority of prime first-liens refinanced in 2006 were cash-out refis in the major metros. Take a good look at this table below, showing what percentage of refinances that year were cash-outs in the frothiest U.S. metro markets.
The percentage of refinanced mortgages converted into cash-outs in these 10 major metros was 90% or higher in all but two of them. Notice also that most of these borrowers had cashed out earlier loans that had been originated only a few years earlier.
How many cash-out refinance mortgages were originated during the bubble period? In April 2018, the Urban Institute published a comprehensive article entitled “What Fueled the Financial Crisis? An Analysis of the Performance of Purchase and Refinance Loans.”
The authors had access to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's entire database of full documentation, fixed rate mortgages originated between 1999 and 2016 — a total of 44.3 million loans. The research broke down all mortgages into three different categories: (a) purchase loans, b) cash-out refis or (c) simple rate refinances. Between 1999 and 2016, a total of 11.5 million cash-out refis were either guaranteed or purchased by Fannie and Freddie. This included slightly more than 3 million cash-out refis originated between 2004 and 2007. The authors’ conclusion was that cash-out refinance loans performed worse than either of the other two.
This total for Fannie and Freddie is only a portion of all the cash-out refis originated during the bubble era. All the non-prime cash-out mortgages must be counted, too. In July 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) sent a comprehensive report on non-prime mortgages to Congress. Its detailed breakdown of mortgages originated between 2004 and 2007 showed a total of 3.4 million subprime cash-out refis and 1.4 million non-prime cash-out refis known as ALT-As.
In addition, the jumbo-mortgage cash-out refis, which were larger than Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's allowable limit, also should be included. In 2005 and 2006 alone, more than 1 million jumbo refinances were originated in just the top 25 U.S. metros, for a total of roughly $650 billion. Close to 85% of these were cash-out refis.
In total, almost 10 million cash-out refis were originated during the bubble years. A CoreLogic report in February 2019 showed just how insane the cash-out refi madness had become by the end of the bubble. It found that by late 2006, many borrowers had refinanced their original cash-out refi more than once. Some had refinanced three times. The average break between refinancing was less than two years.
Cash-out refis make a comeback
Cash-out refis are gaining popularity again — and are still dangerous. According to Freddie Mac's refinance report, the percentage of refinance originations in dollars that were cash-outs soared to 23% by the end of 2018 from 3% at the close of 2012. The report notes that 82% of all refinances in the final quarter of 2018 were cash-outs refis. This chart based on Freddie Mac data shows the surge in cash-out refis over the past five years.
The volume of cash-out refis insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) rose by 250% between 2013 and 2018. In its 2018 annual report to Congress, the agency said cash-out refis represented 64% of all FHA-insured refi transactions. According to CoreLogic, 76% of all FHA-insured refinances in all of 2018 were cash-out refis, the highest percentage in two decades.
Because of the terrible experience with cash-out refis during the bubble collapse, the FHA decided to lower the loan-to-value (LTV) cap for cash-out refis to 80% from 85%. Throughout the bubble years, it had been a dangerously high 95%.
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In recent years, wealthy homeowners have gotten into the cash-out refi game in a big way. A CoreLogic report in January 2019 found 230 active giant refinanced mortgages between $10 million and $20 million — most originated since 2013. Almost half of these loans were identified as cash-out refis. The average amount of cash pulled out was $6.6 million. Last year, the average had risen to $8.3 million.
Serious delinquency problem
The Urban Institute article breaks out Fannie- and Freddie cash-out refis that became seriously delinquent by more than 180 days. The rates for 2006 and 2007 refis are quite similar — 16% for 2006 refis and 17% for 2007. The rates are much higher for refis where the loan-to-value ratio was greater than 90 — 29% in 2006 and 23% in 2007. Keep in mind that these cash-out refis were high-quality loans according to traditional metrics — full documentation on the application, fixed interest rates on the loan, and an average LTV below 70. Yet that didn't prevent droves of borrowers from defaulting.
The delinquency record of the sub-prime and ALT-A cash-out refis is even more dismal. By early 2009, the GAO report mentioned earlier showed that the vast majority of pre-2005 non-prime cash-out refis had actually been prepaid either through sale of the home or refinancing. Many were refinanced by the owner into higher cash-out refis because property values were still rising in 2005 and 2006. The great problem for non-prime cash-out refis is now the millions of terribly underwritten mortgages originated from 2005 to 2007.
Of those non-prime cash-out refis originated in 2006, roughly 29% were seriously delinquent and another 21% had been foreclosed by early 2009. For those taken out in 2007, roughly 38% were seriously delinquent and more than 10% had been foreclosed by that time.
What about more recent delinquency figures? In February 2016, investment researcher Morningstar analyzed almost 1 million investor-owned property loans originated between 2002 and 2007 that had been securitized. Close to two-thirds of these were originated between 2005 and 2007. The report found a default rate of 30% for the 2005 mortgages, 46% for the 2006 mortgages, and 47% for the 2007 liens. A substantial portion of these loans were cash-out refis.
Why bubble era cash-out refis are still a big concern
As I have described, almost 10 million cash-out refis were originated during the wildest bubble years of 2004–07. While a significant number of them have been foreclosed, most still have not. As I noted in a previous column, mortgage servicers nationwide have been extremely reluctant to foreclose on long-term deadbeats since 2012.
Another column earlier this year laid out the enormous problem of modified mortgages that have re-defaulted one or more times. Close to two-thirds of all sub-prime bubble era mortgages had already been modified by 2015. The re-default disaster was so great that by mid-2010 there were more subprime modified mortgages re-defaulting than there were delinquent loans being foreclosed and liquidated by mortgage servicers.
This situation still exists. The origination of new cash-out refis has been soaring for the past five years. Lenders and borrowers alike have apparently learned little from the bubble-era excesses and subsequent crash. With home prices continuing to weaken, many of these homeowners may soon find themselves underwater, or nearly so.
Why worry that a few million delinquent cash-out refi mortgages could smash housing markets around the U.S.? The big threat is not so much the number of outstanding cash-out refis as it is the total dollar amount — $3.1 trillion in cash-out refis that originated in 2005-07. As the number of delinquent cash-out refis grows, mortgage servicers will have to face this menace — and at some point the piper must be paid.
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Keith Jurow is a real estate analyst who covers the bubble-era lending debacle and its aftermath. Contact him at www.keithjurow.com.